AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES VOL 21 pdf

American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences Vol 21

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES VOL 21

Immediately before the events of 9/11, the United Nations (UN) officially recognized the proliferating climate of anti-Muslim and anti-Islamic prejudice, discrimination, and hatred – Islamophobia –

 as being as equally repellent and unwanted as anti-Semitism and other global discriminatory phenomena.

The 9/11 tragedy, however, somewhat overshadowed this recognition, resulting in the continued proliferation of anti-Muslim and anti-Islamic sentiment and expression.

 This study explores how and why Islamophobia was manifested following 9/11, and contextualizes how elite voices across British and European societies have considered Islamophobia to be fair and justified.

In considering the wider findings of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia’s monitoring of Islamophobia,

 this study explores how “visual identifiers” have underpinned changes in attitude and reactions to Muslims across the fifteen European Union (EU) member nations at a largely pan-European level.