Constantinople to Cordoba pdf download

Constantinople to Cordoba – Dismantling Ancient Architecture in the East, North Africa and Islamic Spain By Michael Greenhalgh

CONSTANTINOPLE TO CORDOBA – DISMANTLING ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE IN THE EAST, NORTH AFRICA AND ISLAMIC SPAIN

Book Contents

• Preface
• Introduction  
• Why Constantinople to Córdoba?  
• Scope of the Book  
• Overview of Contents  
• Importance of the Subject  
• Discovering Under-Populated Landscapes  
• Travelling with Texts  
• Landscapes of Ruins  
• But Which Antiquity?  
• Antiquities on the Move  
• Investigating Re-use  
• Quality and Nature of the Evidence  
• Pilgrims & Scholars  
• New Reasons for Travel  
• Improving Communications, Disappearing Monuments  
• Varieties of Monuments and Remains  
• Interesting and Useful Antiquities: A Brief Census  
• Pride and Prejudice  
• And to Make an End Is to Make a Beginning  
• Mis-use in Re-use  
• Autres Temps, Autres Moeurs  
• Ruins and Re-use as Constants  

SECTION One

• THE MEDIAEVAL LANDSCAPE AND ITS FEATURES
• The Mediaeval Landscape: An Overview  
• Dismantling to Destruction  
• Population Levels and Ancient Buildings  
• Smaller Populations in the Middle Ages  
• Growing Towns, Diminishing Antiquities  
• Carthage & Tunis  
• Marble: The Stamp of Greece and Rome  
• A Profusion of Antiquities  
• Continuing Amazement  
• Untouched Remains, Abandoned Towns  
• Dismantling the Mediaeval Landscape  
• Marble and Mortar  
• Building in Brick  
• A Plethora of Lime Kilns  
• Statues to the Kilns  
• Antiquities Feed New Building  
• Deserted Towns as a Source  
• Acquisitive Foreigners meet Avaricious Locals  
• Town Expansion & Trade Bury Antiquities  
• Attitudes to the Antiquities  
• The Importance of Travellers’ Accounts  
• Disappearing and Surviving Monuments  
• Travellers Describe Dismantlings  
• Luxury Items Disappear  
• North Africa  
• Greece and its Islands  
• Egypt and Syria  
• Antiquities Near the Sea  
• Survival, Dismantling and Destruction  
• Shifting Landscapes  
• Sand and Silting  
• Archaeology: A Great Help to Looters  
• Miscellaneous Pilfering  
• New Landscapes Involve Dismantling  
• Examples of Dismantling to Destruction  
• Syria & Egypt  
• Mediterranean Islands  
• Libya  
• “Passed Away in Ignominious Utility”: Re-uses for Antiquities  
• Houses & Fortresses  
• Compacting Roofs  
• Supporting Trees  
• Agricultural Work  
• Millstones for Grain and Olive Presses  
• Greek and Roman Towns  
• From Town to Countryside  
• Primacy of Towns  
• Move to the Countryside  
• Discerning Town Plans  
• Change over Time  
• The Hunt for Iron and Lead  
• Far from the Madding Crowd  
• Uninhabited and Semi-intact – Until the th Century?  
• Turkey  
• Palestine  
• North Africa  
• Prominent Sites – Exiguous Remains  
• Gaza  
• Olympia, Sparta and Delphi  
• Athens  
• Morocco  
• Egypt  
• Constantinople  
• Nineteenth-Century Egypt Dismantles Antiquities  
• Industrialisation  
• Alexandria and Continuing Thirst for Her Antiquities  
• Cairo in the th Century  
• Location Dictates Survival or Destruction  
• New Towns near Ancient Ones  
• Greece and the Islands  
• Algeria  
• Sites near Main Roads or Rivers  
• Near-complete Destruction: The Crimea  
• Disasters Natural and Human  
• Earthquakes  
• Bradysism  
• Silting and Detritus  
• War, Revolution and Invasion  
• The Age of Archaeology – and Continuing Destruction  
• Volubilis  
• Egypt  
• Vanishing Sites  
• x contents
• Islamic Settlements and Classical Antiquities  
• Moslem Interest in the Past  
• New Uses for Antiquities  
• Roads and Ports  
• Roads  
• The Disregarded Sinews of Empire  
• Road Survival & Maintenance  
• Recognising Roman Roads  
• Rebuilding Roads  
• Maps, Roads and Railways  
• Milestones  
• The French in Algeria  
• Ports  
• Harbours Natural and Artificial  
• Caesarea  
• Tyre & Beirut  
• Other Harbours in Decline  
• Antiquities in and around Ports  
• Sidon and Acre  
• Repairing Ancient Ports  
• Roads, Railways, Ports, Trade and Tourism  
• Fountains, Waterways and Irrigation  
• Water, Fertility and Ruins  
• Survival and Refurbishment of Water Systems  
• Ruins = Water  
• Roman Water Supplies in Algeria  
• Aqueducts  
• Demise and Destruction of Aqueducts  
• Cisterns and Hydraulic Systems  
• Baths & Fountains  
• Grand and Long-Lived Structures  
• Abandonment and Re-use  
• Bathing in Islam  
• Tombs  
• Tombs Survive Cities  
• Christianity and Islam  
• contents xi
• Statues, Columns and Crosses in Moslem Cemeteries  
• Wahabi Destruction of Tombs  
• Re-use of Antiquities for Funerary Purposes  
• Re-use of Funerary Antiquities  
• Monumental Tombs  
• Sarcophagi  
• Variable Interest  
• Moslems and Sarcophagi  
• Re-use of Sarcophagi – But Not for Burial  
• Looting Tombs in the th Century  
• Palaces and Villas  
• Ancient and Mediaeval Palaces  
• Islamic Palaces  
• Inherited Antiquities  
• Decoration  
• Buildings Fall Down, Decorations Are Re-used  
• Descent into Ruin  
• Movable Fixtures, Dispensable Buildings  
• The Citadel at Cairo: Joseph’s Hall  
• Constantinople  
• Kiosks  
• Eighteenth–Nineteenth-century Palaces and the Depletion of
• Antiquities  
• Antiquities Still Feed New Constructions  
• Local Antiquities, Local Palaces  
• Villas Antique and Moslem  
• Cairo and Competitors  
• Inscriptions  
• Popularity and Prestige of Inscriptions  
• Inscriptions as Markers of Civilisation  
• Inscriptions and the Identification of Ancient Sites  
• Leo Africanus  
• Inscriptions, Meanings, and Treasure  
• Inscriptions and Land Ownership  
• Copying Inscriptions  
• Helpful and Obstructive Locals  
• Various Re-uses of Inscriptions  
• Inscriptions Re-used in Mediaeval Structures  
• Inscriptions in Houses and Work-Buildings  
• Inscriptions in Fortresses and Town Walls  
• Inscriptions in Churches and Mosques  
• Inscriptions in Cemeteries  
• North Africa from Justinian to the French  
• Conclusion: Too Late, Too Late!  
• Quarries and Quarrying  
• Knowledge and Re-use  
• Continuing Knowledge of Quarries  
• Continuing Use of Quarries  
• Abandoned Quarries  
• Alternatives to Fresh-quarrying  
• Quarrying in Islam  
• Cities and Monuments as Quarries  
• Quarrying the Ruins  
• Overview of Examples  
• Dismantling Monuments  
• Ramala & Lydda  
• Paros  
• Ancient Quarries in the th Century: Transport Costs versus
• Carrara  
• Re-opening Quarries  
• Algeria: Promotion of African Marbles  
• Marble Skills and Re-use  
• Importing Marble: Skill versus Sophistication?  

SECTION Two

• RE-USING, DISMANTLING AND DESTROYING THE LANDSCAPE
• Temples, Churches and Mosques  
• Marble and Limestone  
• Survival of the Building Stock  
• Travellers’ Opinions of Re-use  
• Examples of the Conversion of Structures or Their
• Building-Blocks into Churches or Mosques  
• Late Antiquity  
• Christian Decline and More Re-use  
• Temple and Church Conversions into Mosques  
• Cohabitation and Dismantling  
• Crime and Punishment  
• Recycling from Churches: Moslem Revenge or Triumphalism?  
• Mecca and Jerusalem  
• Mosques with Christian Symbols  
• Mosaics and Coloured Marbles  
• Recycling from Classical Monuments: Haghia Sophia and
• Ottoman Mosques  
• Antiquities Re-used in Churches: Convenience or Meaning?  
• Churches as Collection-Points for Antiquities  
• Select Re-use, Total Re-use?  
• Christian Revenge or Triumphalism?  
• Ancient Monuments: Superstition, Preservation,
• Degradation & Destruction  
• Antiquities as Powerful Talismans  
• Antiquities and Treasure  
• Foreigners Equipped with Secret Knowledge  
• Special Marbles  
• Treasures and Magic  
• Giants, Djinns and Ancient Monarchs  
• How Were Such Monuments Erected?  
• Solomon and the Djinns  
• Other Famous Builders  
• Christians, Moslems and the Buildings of Jerusalem  
• Christians and the Magical Past  
• Statues and Magic  
• Moslems, Christians and Magic  
• Who Built the Antiquities?  
• Tumuli  
• The Defacing and Degradation of Antiquities  
• Destruction: Scholars Lead the Charge, Tourists Follow  
• Target Practice and Gunpowder  
• Hammer and Chisel  
• The Cutting-Up Trade  
• Graffiti: Making One’s Mark  
• Souvenirs and Archaeology  
• Town and Fortress Walls, Projectiles, and Cannon  
• Town Walls as Town Status Symbols  
• Antique Gates and Marble Display  
• Fortresses  
• Antiquities Piled on Antiquities  
• New Forts from Antiquities  
• Constantinople  
• Thessaloniki  
• Column Shafts in Fortifications  
• Projectiles and Cannon  
• Projectiles Pre-gunpowder  
• Marble Projectiles Around the Mediterranean  
• The Mechanics of Dismantling and Transport  
• Building, Dismantling and Destruction  
• Conservation  
• Dismantling and Demolition  
• Si le souvenir d’un peuple ne survit pas à ses monuments  
• Declining Technical Skill?  
• Dismantling Large Blocks  
• Triumphalism in Dismantling?  
• Harbours, Rivers, and Breakers’ Yards  
• Waterside Breakers’ Yards  
• Moving Great Weights before the th Century  
• Shifting Great Weights from the th Century  
• Roads and Sledges  
• Failed Operations  
• Rail, Road, Steam and Speed  
• Reaching Ancient Landscapes Quickly  
• Destroying Monuments Quickly  
• Hard-Core Ironies of Modernisation  
• French versus British Triumphalism  

SECTION Three

• TRAVELLING, COLLECTING, DIGGING
• Collecting Antiquities  
• Grandeurs and Miseries of Travel  
• “Other Shapeless Heaps”  
• Mosques and Fortifications  
• Access to Mosques  
• Access to Fortifications  
• Catering for the Armchair Traveller  Collecting  
• Seventeenth & Eighteenth Centuries  
• Nineteenth Century  
• Evading Local Regulations  
• Trading Antiquities  
• Figured Antiquities  
• Souvenir Hunting  
• Who Owned Antiquities?  
• Local Interests  
• The State  
• Antiquities and Their Cash Value  
• Local Pride – Eastern Collecting, and Museums  
• Western Museums: Britain and France  
• Leaving Antiquities in Their Original Context  
• Antiquities Lost in Translation  
• Lepsius and “Other Scientific Attilas”  
• Collecting Cedes to Recording: Enter “Archaeology”  
• The French Invasion of Algeria and the Roman Past  
• Nineteenth-Century Algeria and the Middle Ages in Europe  
• The Romans over Their Shoulders  
• A Monumental Disaster  
• Refurbishing Roman Forts throughout Algeria  
• The Pace of Destruction in Algeria  
• Population and the Ancient Monuments  
• A Modern Army Meets Roman Monuments, and Destroys Them  
• A Romano-Byzantine Landscape  
• The Officer Class Records and Destroys Roman Monuments  
• A Catalogue of Ironies  
• The Stages of Destruction of Roman Algeria  
• First Stage: Making Good Roman Constructions  
• Second Stage: Building on Top of the Ruins, and Re-using Materials  
• Third Stage: Destruction in Order to House Colons  
• Security behind Roman Walls: Constantine and Philippeville  
• Stora-Russicada – Philippeville  
• Constantine  
• What to Conserve from the Past?  
• Conclusion  
• Bibiliography  
• Index of People  
• Index of Places  
• Index of Subjects  
• Illustrations

Book introduction

When we focus on ancient architecture, our Crescent from Constantinople to Córdoba (and including Greece, where so many travellers described the re- use of its remains) is more interesting than Western Europe for three reasons.

The first is that it contained in ancient times (and even after much dismantling still contains) a much larger quantity of antiquities of all kinds than are to be found in Europe today.

The second is that its population remains much smaller than that of Europe, and what population expansion there has been (in cities such as Constantinople, Damascus and Cairo) is later than that in Europe, so we can use travellers’ accounts to chart what happened to ancient monuments as populations expanded.

The third reason profits from the first two – namely that the whole area was attractive not just to Islamic travellers but to ever-increasing numbers of Western ones as well, who fed a growing thirst for armchair-travel back home, so much so that texts were frequently and speedily translated into the main European languages.

Naturally, the quality of these accounts varies, but there are sufficient to allow us to build up a reliable picture of the fate of classical monuments over time.

Why Constantinople to Córdoba?

Part of the attraction of our crescent for Westerners was precisely the lower occupation levels and hence the greater visibility and survival of the ancient landscape;

but populations did expand, especially from the later 19th century, and several cities continued to enhance their splendour from nearby or distant ancient remains, as they had sometimes done for centuries (comparisons could also be made with the demographic of rome herself ).1

 this was the case at, for example, caesarea, the antiqui- ties of whichi were re-used by Moslem Slav immigrants in the 1880s,ii and where many such instances of re-use are still to be seen.2 What have gone,

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