The Geological Concept of Mountains in the Quran pdf

THE GEOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF MOUNTAINS IN THE QURAN – Book Sample

THE GEOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF MOUNTAINS IN THE QURAN – Intro

Literally, the word “mountain” (Latin Montanus) is described as “a landmass that projects conspicuously above its surroundings and is higher than a hill)”

The Dictionary of Geological Terms (1976, p. 289) defines a 1nount or a mountain as a high hill (but mount is always used instead of n1ountain before a proper name). A 1nountain is also defined (loc. cit.) as a tract of land considerably elevated above the adjacent country, and is usually found connected in long chains or ranges, but sometimes can be in the form of single, isolated eminences.

Fro1n the point of view of physical geography, the saine dictionary (op. cit.) adds that any portion of the Earth’s crust rising considerably above the surrounding surface is described as a mountain. The term is usually applied to heights of n1ore than 610 1neters, all beneath that an1ount being regarded as hills, and when of considerable heights, hillocks. Nevertheless, in the san1e issue (p. 207), a hill is defined as “properly restricted to 1nore or less abrupt elevations of less than 305 meters, all altitudes exceeding this being 1nountains.” Indeed, in many of the An1erican references, elevations above 300 meters are considered mountains.

A mountain range is defined (op. cit.) as a single, large mass consisting of a succession of mountains or narrowly spaced 1nountain ridges, with or without peaks, closely related in position. direction, formation and age. A mountain range is a co1nponent part of a n1ountain system or a mountain chain. The former is defined as ‘”several more or less parallel ranges grouped together,” while the latter is described as “a complex, connected series of several, n1ore or less parallel mountain ranges and mountain systen1s grouped together without regard to si1nilarity of forn1, structure or origin, but having “a general longitudinal arrangement or well-defined trend … “

In other words, a mountain range is a series of more or less parallel ridges, all forn1ed from rocks deposited in a single scdi1nentation basin, while a mountain syste1n is composed of a nun1ber of parallel or consecutive ranges, formed fro1n the scdi1nents of different basins, but of approxi1nately the same age of folding.

A mountain chain consists of two or more n1ountain systems of the sa1ne general trend and elevation, while a cordillera is forn1ed of several chains in the san1e part of a continent (cf. Milligan, 1977, p. 445).

In “the Dictionary of the Natural Environment,” Monkhouse & Small (1978) define the term “mountain” as follows: “A markedly elevated land form, bounded by steep slopes and rising to pro1ninent ridges or individual summit-peaks. There is no specific altitude, but usually taken to be over 600 n1eters (2000 ft.) in Britain, except where e1ninences rise abruptly fro1n surrounding lowlands, e.g. Conway M. In such a case, the term….

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